हा लेख CTET-2026 Paper 2 Geography (Class 8 – Agriculture) या महत्त्वाच्या अध्यायावर आधारित आहे. यात कृषीची संकल्पना, शेतीचे प्रकार, प्रमुख पिके, कृषीवर परिणाम करणारे घटक, आधुनिक शेती पद्धती व शाश्वत शेती हे मुद्दे CTET exam-oriented पद्धतीने Marathi + English mix मध्ये समजावून सांगितले आहेत. CTET साठी revision आणि MCQ preparation साठी हा लेख अत्यंत उपयुक्त आहे.
प्रस्तावना
Agriculture is one of the most important topics in CTET Paper-2 Social Studies.
Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy and also an essential part of Human Geography.
कृषी म्हणजे अन्नधान्य, तंतू, कच्चा माल आणि पशुपालनासाठी वनस्पती व प्राणी उत्पादनाची प्रक्रिया होय.
भारत हा कृषिप्रधान देश असल्यामुळे CTET मध्ये Agriculture chapter वरून थेट प्रश्न विचारले जातात.
CTET Previous Year Questions – Social Studies – PYQs अभ्यासासाठी
NCERT Official Website – Geography Books – Official NCERT books download
🌱 Meaning of Agriculture / कृषीची संकल्पना
Agriculture refers to the practice of growing crops and rearing animals for food, fibre and other products.
कृषीमध्ये खालील घटक समाविष्ट होतात :
- Crop production (पीक उत्पादन)
- Animal husbandry (पशुपालन)
- Horticulture (फलोत्पादन)
- Fisheries (मच्छीमारी)
👉 CTET Point: Definition based MCQs हमखास येतात.
🚜 शेतीचे प्रकार
1️⃣ Subsistence Farming / उपजीविका शेती
Subsistence farming is practiced to meet the needs of farmer’s family.
It is done on small land holdings using traditional tools.
वैशिष्ट्ये :
- Small land size
- Low productivity
- Use of family labour
- Simple tools
👉 Example: Rice farming in rural India
⭐ CTET Question Focus:
“Subsistence farming is mainly practiced for — self consumption”
2️⃣ Commercial Farming / व्यापारी शेती
Commercial farming is done to sell agricultural products in market.
This type of farming uses modern technology.
वैशिष्ट्ये :
- Large land area
- High investment
- Use of HYV seeds, fertilizers, machinery
- Production for profit
👉 Example: Wheat farming in Punjab, Cotton farming in Maharashtra
🌾 Major Crops / प्रमुख पिके
🌽 Food Crops / अन्न पिके
Food crops are grown mainly for human consumption.
Examples:
- Rice (तांदूळ)
- Wheat (गहू)
- Maize (मका)
- Millets (ज्वारी, बाजरी)
👉 Rice needs high temperature and heavy rainfall
🌿 Cash Crops / व्यापारी पिके
Cash crops are grown to earn income.
Examples:
- Cotton (कापूस)
- Sugarcane (ऊस)
- Tea (चहा)
- Coffee (कॉफी)
- Jute (ज्यूट)
👉 CTET Favourite Question:
“Cotton is a raw material for textile industry”
🌧️ Factors Affecting Agriculture / कृषीवर परिणाम करणारे घटक
1️⃣ Physical Factors / नैसर्गिक घटक
- Climate (हवामान) – rainfall, temperature
- Soil (माती) – fertile soil increases productivity
- Relief (भूप्रदेश) – plains are suitable for farming
- Water availability (पाणी)
2️⃣ Human Factors / मानवी घटक
- Technology (तंत्रज्ञान)
- Irrigation facilities (सिंचन सुविधा)
- Capital (भांडवल)
- Government policies (शासकीय धोरणे)
⭐ CTET Tip: Physical + Human factors combine questions.
🌾 Agricultural Development / कृषी विकास
Agricultural development refers to improvement in methods, productivity and sustainability of agriculture.
Green Revolution / हरित क्रांती
- Introduced in 1960s
- Use of HYV seeds
- Increased food production
- Reduced food shortage
👉 Father of Green Revolution in India – Dr. M.S. Swaminathan
🚜 आधुनिक शेती पद्धती
1️⃣ Use of HYV Seeds
High Yielding Variety seeds increase productivity.
2️⃣ Irrigation Techniques
- Drip irrigation
- Sprinkler irrigation
3️⃣ Use of Machinery
- Tractors
- Harvesters
4️⃣ Chemical Fertilizers & Pesticides
5️⃣ Organic Farming / सेंद्रिय शेती
- No chemicals
- Eco-friendly
- Sustainable
👉 CTET Focus: Difference between traditional & modern farming.
🌍 Importance of Agriculture / कृषीचे महत्त्व
- Provides food security
- Employment to large population
- Supplies raw material to industries
- Contributes to GDP
Agriculture supports rural economy and sustainable development.
🌱 Sustainable Agriculture / शाश्वत शेती
Sustainable agriculture means farming without harming environment.
Methods:
- Crop rotation
- Organic farming
- Rainwater harvesting
- Soil conservation
⭐ CTET loves Environment + Agriculture integration.
AGRICULTURE PYQs – 50 Questions
1‑10: Meaning & Definitions
- कृषी म्हणजे काय? / What is Agriculture?
A) Crop production ✓ B) Industry C) Trade D) Transport
👉 Answer: A - Which of the following includes rearing animals along with crop production?
A) Subsistence farming B) Agriculture ✓ C) Industry D) Commerce
👉 Answer: B - Agriculture provides ___ to the economy.
A) Raw materials ✓ B) Movies C) Vehicles D) None
👉 Answer: A - कृषीतील मुख्य घटक कोणता?
A) Crop production ✓ B) Banking C) IT D) Construction
👉 Answer: A - Agriculture is part of which geography branch?
A) Physical geography ✓ B) Human geography C) Mathematics D) Music
👉 Answer: A - Which is a secondary activity?
A) Farming B) Manufacturing ✓ C) Mining D) Forestry
👉 Answer: B - Agriculture largely depends on ___
A) Weather ✓ B) Cinema C) Space D) Internet
👉 Answer: A - खेतीचा मुख्य उद्देश काय?
A) Food production ✓ B) Sports C) Entertainment D) Politics
👉 Answer: A - Which sector does Agriculture belong to?
A) Primary sector ✓ B) Secondary C) Tertiary D) Quaternary
👉 Answer: A - Which one is not part of Agriculture?
A) Poultry B) Crop farming C) IT services ✓ D) Dairy
👉 Answer: C
11‑20: Types of Farming (शेतीचे प्रकार)
- Subsistence farming means…
A) For market B) For family needs ✓ C) For industry D) For export
👉 Answer: B - व्यवसायिक शेती म्हणजे…
A) Selling produce ✓ B) For family C) Hobby D) Tourism
👉 Answer: A - Commercial farming uses ___
A) HYV seeds ✓ B) Bare hands C) No tools D) None
👉 Answer: A - In subsistence farming, use of machinery is…
A) High B) Low ✓ C) Moderate D) Mandatory
👉 Answer: B - Which farming produces surplus for market?
A) Subsistence B) Commercial ✓ C) Shifting D) None
👉 Answer: B - कौटुंबिक शेतीमध्ये वापरले जाणारे श्रम हे…
A) Machine B) Family ✓ C) Outsource D) Robots
👉 Answer: B - Modern farming includes ___
A) Traditional tools B) Tractors ✓ C) Manual plough only D) No improvement
👉 Answer: B - Which is NOT a farming type?
A) Subsistence B) Commercial C) Industrial agriculture ✓ D) None
👉 Answer: C - Where is subsistence farming common?
A) Urban B) Rural ✓ C) Cities D) Only cities
👉 Answer: B - Commercial farming focuses on ____
A) Profit ✓ B) Only food C) Only seeds D) None
👉 Answer: A
21‑30: Major Crops (प्रमुख पिके)
- Rice is a ____ crop.
A) Food ✓ B) Cash C) Industrial D) Textile
👉 Answer: A - Cotton is used for ___ industry.
A) Textile ✓ B) Steel C) IT D) Construction
👉 Answer: A - Sugarcane is a ___ crop.
A) Cash ✓ B) Food C) Beverage only D) None
👉 Answer: A - Wheat is mostly grown in…
A) Punjab ✓ B) Tamil Nadu C) Ladakh D) Desert
👉 Answer: A - Tea cultivation requires ___ weather.
A) Cool, wet ✓ B) Dry hot C) Desert D) Arctic
👉 Answer: A - Major food crop of India is ___
A) Rice ✓ B) Tea C) Coffee D) Rubber
👉 Answer: A - Cotton belt in India lies in…
A) Maharashtra & Gujarat ✓ B) North East C) Telangana only D) Himachal
👉 Answer: A - Which crop is staple food of India?
A) Rice & Wheat ✓ B) Tea C) Coffee D) Tobacco
👉 Answer: A - निचले पातळीवर शेतीच्या उत्पन्नाचे मुख्य स्रोत आहे ____
A) Food crops ✓ B) Electronics C) Vehicles D) Software
👉 Answer: A - Cash crops earn ___
A) Income ✓ B) Only food C) No profit D) None
👉 Answer: A
31‑40: Factors Affecting Agriculture
- Agricultural production mainly depends on ___.
A) Climate ✓ B) Cinema C) Internet D) Films
👉 Answer: A - Soil fertility affects ____.
A) Yield ✓ B) Movies C) Politics D) Travel
👉 Answer: A - Irrigation increases ____.
A) Productivity ✓ B) Pollution only C) Noise D) Traffic
👉 Answer: A - Mechanisation brings ____.
A) Efficiency ✓ B) Delay C) Loss D) None
👉 Answer: A - Rainfed farming depends on ___.
A) Rainfall ✓ B) Internet C) Electricity D) Vehicles
👉 Answer: A - Good quality soil leads to ____.
A) High yield ✓ B) Low production C) Less food D) None
👉 Answer: A - कृषी उत्पादन _______ वर अवलंबून आहे.
A) हवामान ✓ B) बस सेवा C) स्टेडियम D) चित्रपट
👉 Answer: A - Which factor is human made?
A) Technology ✓ B) Rainfall C) Soil natural D) Forests
👉 Answer: A - Water scarcity negatively affects ____.
A) Agriculture ✓ B) Cinema C) Sports D) Music
👉 Answer: A - Modern tools in farming improve ___.
A) Yield ✓ B) Delay C) Pollution D) None
👉 Answer: A
41‑50: Development & Sustainability
- Green Revolution increased ____.
A) Food production ✓ B) Unemployment only C) Fiction D) Noise
👉 Answer: A - Use of HYV seeds increases ____.
A) Yield ✓ B) Decrease production C) Noise D) Pollution
👉 Answer: A - Organic farming avoids ____.
A) Chemicals ✓ B) Food C) Rain D) Soil
👉 Answer: A - Sustainable agriculture protects ____.
A) Environment ✓ B) Movies C) Stadium D) Software
👉 Answer: A - Drip irrigation saves ____.
A) Water ✓ B) Noise C) Cars D) Cinema
👉 Answer: A - कृषी विकासामध्ये ______ महत्त्वाचा आहे.
A) तंत्रज्ञान ✓ B) संगीत C) वाहतूक D) चित्रपट
👉 Answer: A - Organic farming is ___ friendly.
A) Eco ✓ B) Unfriendly C) Noise D) Traffic
👉 Answer: A - Modern agriculture supports ____.
A) Higher yield ✓ B) Lower yield C) None D) Travel
👉 Answer: A - Soil conservation prevents ____.
A) Erosion ✓ B) Buildings C) Music D) Traffic
👉 Answer: A - Agriculture supports ____.
A) Food security ✓ B) Movies C) Music D) Sports
👉 Answer: A
निष्कर्ष
Agriculture is a core chapter for CTET 2026 Geography.
Understanding types of farming, crops, factors, development and modern methods is essential to score well.
कृषी हा विषय केवळ पाठांतरासाठी नाही तर संकल्पनात्मक समज आवश्यक आहे.
NCERT based preparation + MCQ practice = CTET Success ✅