CDP Part 2 चा हा भाग CTET मध्ये खूप महत्वाचा असतो. इथे मुलं कशी शिकतात, शिक्षकाची भूमिका काय असते, बुद्धिमत्ता म्हणजे काय, प्रेरणा, स्मरणशक्ती, विचारशक्ती, आणि शिकवण्याच्या पद्धती यावर प्रश्न येतात.
हा भाग समजून घेतला तर पेपरमधले 15–20 प्रश्न सहज सुटतात.
🧠 1. शिकण्याचे सिद्धांत (Learning Theories)
🔹 (A) व्यवहारवादी सिद्धांत (Behaviorism)
प्रमुख शास्त्रज्ञ: Pavlov, Watson, Skinner
या सिद्धांतानुसार शिकणे म्हणजे वर्तनात बदल.
महत्वाचे मुद्दे :
- Stimulus → Response
- Reinforcement (बक्षीस) दिल्यास शिकणे मजबूत होते
- शिक्षा (Punishment) टाळावी
उदाहरण:CDP Part 2
विद्यार्थी गृहपाठ केल्यावर कौतुक → तो पुढेही गृहपाठ करतो.
बालविकास आणि शिक्षणशास्त्र संपूर्ण माहिती
भारतीय इतिहासातील महत्वाच्या घटना-click here
🔹 (B) संज्ञानात्मक सिद्धांत (Cognitive Theory)
प्रमुख: Jean Piaget
मुलं विचार करून शिकतात.
Piaget चे टप्पे :CDP Part 2
- Sensory-motor (0–2)
- Pre-operational (2–7)
- Concrete operational (7–11)
- Formal operational (11+)
🔹 (C) सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक सिद्धांत
Lev Vygotsky-CDP Part 2
- ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development)
- शिक्षक व मित्रांची मदत महत्त्वाची
- Language = Learning tool
🔹 (D) निर्माणवादी दृष्टिकोन (Constructivism)
- विद्यार्थी स्वतः ज्ञान तयार करतो
- शिक्षक = मार्गदर्शक (Facilitator)
🎯 2. प्रेरणा (Motivation)-CDP Part 2
| प्रकार | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| Intrinsic | आतून शिकण्याची इच्छा |
| Extrinsic | बक्षीस, गुण, शिक्षा |
🧩 3. बुद्धिमत्ता (Intelligence)-CDP Part 2
Howard Gardner – Multiple Intelligences
- Linguistic
- Logical
- Musical
- Bodily
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
- Naturalistic
🧠 4. स्मरणशक्ती (Memory)-CDP Part 2
- Sensory memory
- Short-term memory
- Long-term memory
5. अध्यापनातील उपयोग-CDP Part 2
✔ मुलाभिमुख शिक्षण
✔ गटचर्चा
✔ प्रकल्प पद्धती
✔ अनुभवाधारित शिक्षण
📝 CTET CDP Part 2 – 100 PYQs
1. Learning by reinforcement is related to
A) Piaget
B) Skinner
C) Vygotsky
D) Kohlberg
Ans: B
- ZPD is given by
A) Bruner
B) Gardner
C) Vygotsky
D) Skinner
Ans: C - Intrinsic motivation means
A) Reward
B) Fear
C) Inner interest
D) Marks
Ans: C - Constructivism focuses on
A) Rote learning
B) Punishment
C) Child as active learner
D) Lecture method
Ans: C - Formal operational stage begins at
A) 2 yrs
B) 7 yrs
C) 11 yrs
D) 15 yrs
Ans: C - Multiple intelligence theory was given by
A) Thorndike
B) Gardner
C) Piaget
D) Freud
Ans: B - Memory related to senses is
A) STM
B) LTM
C) Sensory memory
D) Working memory
Ans: C - Learning without reinforcement is
A) Operant
B) Classical
C) Latent learning
D) Trial error
Ans: C - Teacher as facilitator is idea of
A) Behaviorism
B) Constructivism
C) Drill method
D) Punishment
Ans: B - Concrete operational child can
A) Think abstractly
B) Do logical thinking on objects
C) Not think
D) Only play
Ans: B - 11. Operant conditioning theory is given by
A) Pavlov
B) Skinner
C) Thorndike
D) Piaget
Ans: B
12. Classical conditioning is associated with
A) Skinner
B) Pavlov
C) Bruner
D) Bandura
Ans: B
13. Trial and Error theory was given by
A) Watson
B) Thorndike
C) Kohler
D) Freud
Ans: B
14. IQ concept was introduced by
A) Binet
B) Gardner
C) Skinner
D) Piaget
Ans: A
15. Moral development theory belongs to
A) Erikson
B) Piaget
C) Kohlberg
D) Freud
Ans: C
16. Discovery learning was proposed by
A) Bruner
B) Vygotsky
C) Skinner
D) Watson
Ans: A
17. Scaffolding concept is given by
A) Piaget
B) Bruner
C) Vygotsky
D) Gardner
Ans: C
18. Insight learning is related to
A) Kohler
B) Skinner
C) Pavlov
D) Thorndike
Ans: A
19. Intelligence test mainly measures
A) Personality
B) Ability
C) Attitude
D) Emotion
Ans: B
20. Forgetting due to interference is called
A) Decay
B) Repression
C) Interference
D) Amnesia
Ans: C
21. Duration of short-term memory is about
A) 2 sec
B) 20 sec
C) 2 min
D) 2 hr
Ans: B
22. Punishment generally
A) Increases behavior
B) Reduces behavior
C) Has no effect
D) Builds curiosity
Ans: B
23. Reward in learning works as
A) Punishment
B) Reinforcement
C) Distraction
D) Failure
Ans: B
24. According to Vygotsky, language
A) Blocks thinking
B) Develops thinking
C) Has no role
D) Reduces memory
Ans: B
25. Group work mainly improves
A) IQ
B) Social skills
C) Memory
D) Marks
Ans: B
26. Project method was developed by
A) Kilpatrick
B) Froebel
C) Montessori
D) Dewey
Ans: A
27. Play-way method is associated with
A) Skinner
B) Froebel
C) Piaget
D) Bruner
Ans: B
28. Child-centered education focuses on
A) Teacher
B) Book
C) Child
D) Syllabus
Ans: C
29. Learning by doing is principle of
A) Rote learning
B) Activity method
C) Lecture
D) Punishment
Ans: B
30. Attention is necessary for
A) Forgetting
B) Memory
C) Sleep
D) Fear
Ans: B
31. Emotional climate of classroom affects
A) Furniture
B) Learning
C) Uniform
D) Time-table
Ans: B
32. Praise increases
A) Fear
B) Motivation
C) Confusion
D) Punishment
Ans: B
33. Curiosity is an example of
A) Extrinsic motivation
B) Intrinsic motivation
C) Fear
D) Habit
Ans: B
34. Drill method is linked with
A) Constructivism
B) Behaviorism
C) Cognitivism
D) Humanism
Ans: B
35. Observational learning theory was given by
A) Bandura
B) Pavlov
C) Skinner
D) Freud
Ans: A
36. Modeling is part of
A) Insight learning
B) Observational learning
C) Trial error
D) Conditioning
Ans: B
37. Cognitive conflict is concept of
A) Bruner
B) Vygotsky
C) Piaget
D) Watson
Ans: C
38. Egocentrism is seen in
A) Formal stage
B) Concrete stage
C) Preoperational stage
D) Sensory stage
Ans: C
39. Conservation ability develops in
A) Preoperational
B) Concrete operational
C) Formal
D) Infant
Ans: B
40. Abstract thinking starts in
A) Concrete stage
B) Formal operational
C) Preoperational
D) Sensory
Ans: B
(🔹 Pattern same राहील — खालील 41–100 पण पूर्ण MCQ देतो)
41. Individual differences should be – A) Ignored B) Respected C) Punished D) Controlled Ans: B
42. Inclusive education means – A) Only bright B) All learners C) Only disabled D) Only boys Ans: B
43. Feedback helps in – A) Confusion B) Improvement C) Fear D) Punishment Ans: B
44. Remedial teaching is for – A) Advanced B) Weak learners C) Teachers D) Parents Ans: B
45. Continuous assessment is – A) Summative B) Formative C) Final D) Board Ans: B
46. Final exam is – A) Formative B) Diagnostic C) Summative D) Oral Ans: C
47. Creativity requires – A) Memory B) Originality C) Fear D) Habit Ans: B
48. Divergent thinking leads to – A) One answer B) Many ideas C) No idea D) Confusion Ans: B
49. Convergent thinking leads to – A) Many answers B) One correct answer C) Random D) Guess Ans: B
50. Problem solving involves – A) Thinking B) Sleeping C) Fear D) Punishment Ans: A
51. Learning is – A) Temporary B) Continuous C) Fixed D) Random Ans: B
52. Social interaction promotes – A) Isolation B) Learning C) Fear D) Punishment Ans: B
53. Language shapes – A) Body B) Thought C) Marks D) Uniform Ans: B
54. Practice improves – A) Forgetting B) Retention C) Fear D) Sleep Ans: B
55. Applying old learning to new is – A) Memory B) Transfer C) Forgetting D) Habit Ans: B
56. Positive reinforcement means – A) Scolding B) Reward C) Fear D) Punishment Ans: B
57. Negative reinforcement means – A) Removing unpleasant stimulus B) Punishment C) Fear D) Reward Ans: A
58. Punishment should be – A) Used often B) Avoided C) Increased D) Main method Ans: B
59. Democratic classroom means – A) Strict B) Participation C) Silence D) Punishment Ans: B
60. Student participation increases – A) Boredom B) Learning C) Fear D) Failure Ans: B
61. Experience based learning = A) Lecture B) Activity C) Punishment D) Memory Ans: B
62. Peer learning means learning from – A) Books B) Teacher C) Friends D) TV Ans: C
63. Brainstorming develops – A) Fear B) Creativity C) Sleep D) Habit Ans: B
64. Concept mapping helps in– A) Confusion B) Understanding C) Forgetting D) Punishment Ans: B
65. Cooperative learning promotes – A) Competition only B) Teamwork C) Isolation D) Fear Ans: B
66. Motivation affects – A) Achievement B) Uniform C) Building D) Desk Ans: A
67. Emotional intelligence means control of – A) Marks B) Emotions C) Memory D) Height Ans: B
68. Self-concept means view about– A) Teacher B) Self C) Books D) School Ans: B
69. Self-esteem means – A) Respect for self B) Fear C) Marks D) IQ Ans: A
70. Learning environment should be– A) Threatening B) Supportive C) Silent D) Strict Ans: B
71. Observation method is useful for – A) Theory B) Behaviour study C) Punishment D) Memory Ans: B
72. Play is important for – A) Time pass B) Learning C) Punishment D) Fear Ans: B
73. Habit formation is due to– A) Reinforcement B) Fear C) Memory D) Sleep Ans: A
74. Attitude formation is influenced by – A) Experience B) Height C) Dress D) Desk Ans: A
75. Intelligence is– A) Single B) Multifactor C) Only memory D) Only marks Ans: B
76. Learning is an – A) Passive B) Active process C) Fixed D) Random Ans: B
77. Constructivism believes knowledge is – A) Given B) Constructed C) Forced D) Bought Ans: B
78. Teacher role in constructivism A) Boss B) Facilitator C) Punisher D) Examiner Ans: B
79. Child psychology studies A) Adults B) Children C) Teachers D) Parents Ans: B
80. Reinforcement schedule affects A) Learning speed B) Uniform C) Bench D) Bell Ans: A
81. Feedback cycle helps A) Fear B) Improvement C) Forgetting D) Punishment Ans: B
82. Practice increases A) Retention B) Fear C) Forgetting D) Sleep Ans: A
83. Readiness to learn depends on A) Maturity B) Desk C) Bell D) Uniform Ans: A
84. Growth is A) Qualitative B) Quantitative C) Emotional D) Mental Ans: B
85. Maturation is A) Learning B) Natural development C) Punishment D) Teaching Ans: B
86. Development depends on A) Only heredity B) Only environment C) Both D) None Ans: C
87. Positive transfer helps A) Learning B) Forgetting C) Fear D) Punishment Ans: A
88. Negative transfer causes A) Ease B) Difficulty C) Happiness D) Memory Ans: B
89. Forgetting curve was given by A) Skinner B) Ebbinghaus C) Piaget D) Freud Ans: B
90. Spaced practice is better for A) Forgetting B) Retention C) Fear D) Sleep Ans: B
91. Massed practice means – A) Gap B) No gap C) Fear D) Punishment Ans: B
92. Study skills improve – A) Learning B) Height C) Uniform D) Desk Ans: A
93. Attention span affects – A) Learning B) Dress C) Building D) Bell Ans: A
94. Memory strategies help – A) Forgetting B) Retention C) Fear D) Sleep Ans: B
95. Mnemonics are used for – A) Memory B) Punishment C) Fear D) Marks Ans: A
96. Concept formation needs– A) Thinking B) Sleep C) Fear D) Habit Ans: A
97. Thinking process involves – A) Brain activity B) Fear C) Punishment D) Sleep Ans: A
98. Learning disability needs– A) Punishment B) Support C) Ignoring D) Fear Ans: B
99. Remediation means – A) Extra help B) Punishment C) Failure D) Fear Ans: A
100. Holistic development means – A) Only marks B) All round growth C) Only IQ D) Only memory Ans: B
✅ निष्कर्ष
CTET CDP Part 2 मध्ये यश मिळवायचं असेल तर शिकण्याचे सिद्धांत, प्रेरणा, बुद्धिमत्ता, स्मरणशक्ती आणि अध्यापन पद्धती या पाच स्तंभांवर भक्कम पकड असणं गरजेचं आहे. प्रश्न थेट व्याख्या विचारत नाहीत, तर संकल्पना ओळखणे, उदाहरणाशी जोडणे आणि वर्गातील परिस्थितीत योग्य पद्धत निवडणे यावर भर असतो.
✔ Behaviorism आपल्याला reinforcement आणि वर्तन बदल समजावतो.
✔ Cognitivism (Piaget) मुलं कशी विचार करून शिकतात हे सांगतो.
✔ Vygotsky सामाजिक परस्परसंवाद आणि ZPD चे महत्त्व दाखवतो.
✔ Constructivism मध्ये विद्यार्थी स्वतः ज्ञान तयार करतो आणि शिक्षक मार्गदर्शक असतो.
तसेच, Intrinsic motivation, Multiple Intelligence, Memory process आणि Child-centered teaching या गोष्टी वारंवार विचारल्या जातात.