हा लेख CTET–2026 Child Development and Pedagogy साठी उपयुक्त आहे. यामध्ये Child Development meaning, Growth vs Development, Development–Learning relationship, Principles of Child Development तसेच Physical, Cognitive, Social आणि Emotional development हे सर्व मुद्दे Marathi + English mix भाषेत सोप्या व परीक्षाभिमुख पद्धतीने समजावून सांगितले आहेत.
CTET, TET, D.El.Ed, B.Ed विद्यार्थ्यांसाठी quick revision व concept clarity साठी हा लेख उपयुक्त आहे.
प्रस्तावना
CTET (Central Teacher Eligibility Test) मध्ये Child Development and Pedagogy हा अत्यंत महत्त्वाचा घटक आहे. शिक्षक होण्यासाठी बालकाचा शारीरिक, मानसिक, सामाजिक व भावनिक विकास (overall development) समजून घेणे आवश्यक असते.
Child Development म्हणजे केवळ शरीराची वाढ नव्हे, तर thinking, learning, behavior, emotions आणि social adjustment यांचा समावेश असलेली एक सतत चालणारी प्रक्रिया आहे.
CTET–2026 : Growth and Development – Difference with Examples
UNICEF – Child Development Resources
1. Development – Meaning & Concept
विकास : अर्थ व संकल्पना
Development म्हणजे बालकाच्या जन्मापासून प्रौढत्वापर्यंत होणारे qualitative and quantitative changes.
👉 According to psychology,
“Development is a continuous and progressive process involving physical, mental, emotional and social changes.”
मराठीत सांगायचे तर –
विकास म्हणजे बालकाच्या शरीरात, बुद्धीत, भावना व वर्तनात होणारा क्रमिक व सर्वांगीण बदल.
Development ची मुख्य वैशिष्ट्ये :
- Development is continuous process (सतत चालणारी प्रक्रिया)
- It starts from conception to death
- It includes growth, maturation and learning
- Development is predictable but not uniform
- It is influenced by heredity and environment
2. Growth vs Development
वाढ (Growth) आणि विकास (Development) यातील फरक**
| Growth | Development |
|---|---|
| Growth is quantitative | Development is qualitative + quantitative |
| Physical changes only | Overall changes (physical, mental, social, emotional) |
| Can be measured (height, weight) | Cannot be measured directly |
| Growth stops after maturity | Development continues throughout life |
| Example: height increases | Example: thinking, reasoning improve |
👉 CTET Point:
All growth is development, but all development is not growth.
3. Relationship between Development & Learning
विकास आणि अध्ययन यातील संबंध**
Development आणि Learning हे एकमेकांशी interrelated आहेत.
- Development provides readiness for learning
- Learning accelerates development
- Learning depends on maturity level
- Development without learning is incomplete
👉 Example:
- Child must reach certain cognitive development stage to learn mathematics
- Language development supports reading & writing skills
According to Vygotsky:
Learning leads development through Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).
4. Principles of Child Development
बालविकासाची तत्त्वे
1. Development follows a definite pattern
विकासाला ठराविक क्रम असतो
- Head to toe (Cephalocaudal)
- Centre to outward (Proximodistal)
2. Development proceeds from general to specific
सामान्य हालचाली → विशिष्ट कौशल्ये
Example: whole hand movement → finger control
3. Development is continuous
विकास कधीही अचानक होत नाही
4. Rate of development varies
प्रत्येक बालकाचा विकास वेग वेगळा असतो
5. Development is influenced by heredity and environment
Genetic factors + home, school, society
6. Early development is more important
बाल्यावस्थेतील अनुभव lifelong impact टाकतात
7. Development is holistic
Physical, cognitive, emotional, social development are interconnected
5. Domains of Development
बालविकासाचे क्षेत्र (Domains)
Child Development चे मुख्य चार domains आहेत :
A. Physical Development
शारीरिक विकास**
Physical development includes:
- Height & weight
- Muscle development
- Motor skills (gross & fine)
Types:
- Gross motor skills – running, jumping, walking
- Fine motor skills – writing, buttoning, drawing
👉 Factors affecting physical development:
- Nutrition
- Health & exercise
- Heredity
- Environment
Teacher’s Role:
- Provide physical activities
- Ensure proper nutrition awareness
- Avoid physical punishment
B. Cognitive Development
बौद्धिक / संज्ञानात्मक विकास**
Cognitive development refers to:
- Thinking
- Reasoning
- Problem solving
- Memory
- Intelligence
According to Jean Piaget, stages of cognitive development:
- Sensorimotor (0–2 yrs)
- Preoperational (2–7 yrs)
- Concrete operational (7–11 yrs)
- Formal operational (11+ yrs)
👉 CTET Focus:
Primary school children mostly fall in Concrete Operational Stage.
Teacher’s Role:
- Use activity-based learning
- Use real-life examples
- Encourage questioning
C. Social Development
सामाजिक विकास**
Social development means:
- Interaction with others
- Cooperation
- Social norms
- Group behaviour
Child learns:
- Sharing
- Discipline
- Leadership
- Responsibility
👉 Agents of social development:
- Family
- School
- Peer group
- Society
Teacher’s Role:
- Group activities
- Cooperative learning
- Inclusive classroom environment
D. Emotional Development
भावनिक विकास**
Emotional development includes:
- Understanding emotions
- Expressing emotions
- Emotional control
- Empathy
Common emotions:
- Joy, anger, fear, love, jealousy
Poor emotional development leads to:
- Aggression
- Anxiety
- Low self-esteem
Teacher’s Role:
- Provide emotional security
- Encourage self-expression
- Avoid comparison among students
CTET–2026 | Child Development – 50 MCQs
1. Child development is a process of –
A) Only physical growth
B) Sudden change
C) Continuous overall change
D) Temporary change
Ans: C
2. Development refers to –
A) Quantitative changes only
B) Qualitative changes only
C) Qualitative and quantitative changes
D) Physical change only
Ans: C
3. Growth is mainly related to –
A) Emotional changes
B) Social changes
C) Physical changes
D) Moral changes
Ans: C
4. Which is measurable?
A) Development
B) Learning
C) Growth
D) Intelligence
Ans: C
5. All growth is development but all development is not growth – this statement is
A) False
B) Partially true
C) True
D) Incorrect
Ans: C
6. Development starts from –
A) Birth
B) Childhood
C) Adolescence
D) Conception
Ans: D
7. Development and learning are –
A) Independent
B) Opposite
C) Interrelated
D) Unrelated
Ans: C
8. Learning depends upon –
A) Age only
B) Maturity level
C) Teacher only
D) Syllabus
Ans: B
9. According to Vygotsky, learning occurs in –
A) IQ zone
B) Comfort zone
C) Zone of Proximal Development
D) Learning zone
Ans: C
10. Which principle states “Head to toe development”?
A) Proximodistal
B) Cephalocaudal
C) Individual difference
D) Continuity
Ans: B
11. Development proceeds from –
A) Simple to complex
B) Complex to simple
C) Specific to general
D) Random pattern
Ans: A
12. Proximodistal principle means –
A) Head to toe
B) Centre to outward
C) Outward to centre
D) Whole to part
Ans: B
13. Which principle says development is lifelong?
A) Continuity
B) Uniformity
C) Maturity
D) Motivation
Ans: A
14. Rate of development is –
A) Same for all
B) Different for each child
C) Fixed
D) Sudden
Ans: B
15. Development is influenced by –
A) Heredity only
B) Environment only
C) Heredity and environment
D) School only
Ans: C
16. Physical development includes –
A) Thinking
B) Emotions
C) Height and weight
D) Values
Ans: C
17. Writing and drawing are examples of –
A) Gross motor skills
B) Fine motor skills
C) Reflex actions
D) Social skills
Ans: B
18. Running and jumping are –
A) Fine motor skills
B) Emotional skills
C) Gross motor skills
D) Cognitive skills
Ans: C
19. Cognitive development is related to –
A) Physical strength
B) Thinking and reasoning
C) Emotions
D) Social interaction
Ans: B
20. Jean Piaget is related to –
A) Emotional development
B) Social learning
C) Cognitive development
D) Moral education
Ans: C
21. Children of primary school mostly belong to –
A) Pre-operational stage
B) Sensorimotor stage
C) Concrete operational stage
D) Formal operational stage
Ans: C
22. Which stage comes first in Piaget’s theory?
A) Concrete operational
B) Sensorimotor
C) Pre-operational
D) Formal operational
Ans: B
23. Social development means –
A) Physical growth
B) Emotional control
C) Interaction with society
D) Intelligence growth
Ans: C
24. Family is an agent of –
A) Physical development
B) Social development
C) Moral punishment
D) Cognitive delay
Ans: B
25. Sharing and cooperation are part of –
A) Cognitive development
B) Emotional development
C) Social development
D) Physical development
Ans: C
26. Emotional development deals with –
A) Height
B) Memory
C) Feelings
D) Language
Ans: C
27. Which is NOT an emotion?
A) Fear
B) Joy
C) Anger
D) Intelligence
Ans: D
28. Emotional security helps in –
A) Poor learning
B) Aggressive behavior
C) Healthy personality
D) Fear development
Ans: C
29. Low self-esteem is related to –
A) Physical development
B) Emotional development
C) Motor skills
D) Growth
Ans: B
30. Teacher should avoid –
A) Motivation
B) Encouragement
C) Comparison among students
D) Support
Ans: C
31. Development is holistic means –
A) Only physical
B) Only mental
C) Overall development
D) Academic only
Ans: C
32. Which factor affects physical development most?
A) Punishment
B) Nutrition
C) Homework
D) Discipline
Ans: B
33. Learning accelerates –
A) Growth
B) Development
C) Aging
D) Fatigue
Ans: B
34. Development without learning is –
A) Complete
B) Fast
C) Incomplete
D) Impossible
Ans: C
35. Early childhood experiences are –
A) Temporary
B) Unimportant
C) Long-lasting
D) Useless
Ans: C
36. Emotional imbalance may cause –
A) Confidence
B) Creativity
C) Aggression
D) Motivation
Ans: C
37. Intelligence is part of –
A) Physical domain
B) Cognitive domain
C) Emotional domain
D) Social domain
Ans: B
38. Playing with peers develops –
A) Cognitive skills
B) Emotional stress
C) Social skills
D) Physical illness
Ans: C
39. Which domain helps in self-control?
A) Physical
B) Cognitive
C) Emotional
D) Social
Ans: C
40. Classroom group activities help in –
A) Isolation
B) Competition only
C) Social development
D) Punishment
Ans: C
41. Development is predictable means –
A) Same for all
B) Random
C) Follows a pattern
D) Sudden
Ans: C
42. Individual differences mean –
A) Children are same
B) All develop equally
C) Each child is unique
D) No development
Ans: C
43. Teacher’s role in child development is –
A) Punisher
B) Guide and facilitator
C) Controller
D) Judge
Ans: B
44. Learning readiness depends on –
A) Age only
B) Development level
C) Syllabus
D) Homework
Ans: B
45. Which domain is related to empathy?
A) Physical
B) Cognitive
C) Emotional
D) Language
Ans: C
46. Fine motor skills mainly involve –
A) Legs
B) Arms
C) Fingers
D) Whole body
Ans: C
47. Development continues till –
A) Adolescence
B) Adulthood
C) Old age
D) Death
Ans: D
48. Social norms are learned through –
A) Heredity
B) Society
C) Growth
D) Nutrition
Ans: B
49. Balanced development leads to –
A) Stress
B) Fear
C) Effective learning
D) Failure
Ans: C
50. CTET focuses more on –
A) Rote learning
B) Child-centered education
C) Teacher-centered teaching
D) Memorization
Ans: B
निष्कर्ष
Child Development हा एक dynamic, continuous आणि holistic process आहे. शिक्षकांनी बालकाच्या individual differences लक्षात घेऊन शिक्षण द्यावे. Physical, cognitive, social आणि emotional development यांचा समतोल साधल्यासच effective learning शक्य होते.
👉 CTET Exam Tip:
- Principles + examples लक्षात ठेवा
- Growth vs Development differences पक्के करा
- Piaget, Vygotsky concepts revise करा