हा लेख CTET–2026 परीक्षेच्या अभ्यासक्रमानुसार भारताचे हवामान, नैसर्गिक वनस्पती व वन्यजीवन (India – Climate, Vegetation and Wildlife)या घटकांचे सविस्तर व सोप्या भाषेत स्पष्टीकरण करतो. मान्सून हवामान, वनस्पतींचे प्रकार, वन्यजीवांचे वितरण व संरक्षण या सर्व मुद्द्यांचा समावेश असून हा लेख परीक्षेसाठी तसेच पर्यावरणाची मूलभूत समज वाढवण्यासाठी उपयुक्त आहे.
प्रस्तावना
India is a vast country with diverse physical features, climatic conditions, vegetation types, and rich wildlife. भारताचा भूभाग विस्तीर्ण असल्यामुळे येथे Climate, Natural Vegetation, and Wildlife मध्ये मोठी विविधता आढळते. Geography चा हा भाग CTET–2026 साठी अत्यंत महत्त्वाचा आहे कारण यातून पर्यावरणीय समतोल, जैवविविधता (Biodiversity), आणि मानवी जीवनावर होणारा प्रभाव स्पष्ट होतो.
CTET–2026 : Local Government (Civics)
NCERT Tutorials – Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Notes
1. Climate of India / भारताचे हवामान
Meaning of Climate / हवामानाचा अर्थ
Climate means the average weather conditions of a place over a long period of time.
हवामान म्हणजे एखाद्या प्रदेशातील दीर्घकाळातील सरासरी हवामान स्थिती होय.
India has a Monsoon Type of Climate. भारताचे हवामान मुख्यतः मान्सून प्रकारचे आहे.
Factors Affecting Climate of India / भारताच्या हवामानावर परिणाम करणारे घटक
- Latitude (अक्षांश) – Tropic of Cancer divides India into tropical and subtropical zones.
- Altitude (उंची) – Himalayan mountains block cold winds from Central Asia.
- Distance from the Sea (समुद्रापासून अंतर) – Coastal areas have equable climate.
- Relief Features (भूरूप रचना) – Western Ghats and Himalayas influence rainfall.
- Monsoon Winds (मान्सून वारे) – Most important factor.
Seasons of India / भारतातील ऋतू
India has mainly four seasons:
1. Cold Weather Season (हिवाळा) – December to February
- Temperature decreases, especially in North India
- Clear sky, low rainfall
- Western disturbances bring rainfall in North-West India
2. Hot Weather Season (उन्हाळा) – March to May
- High temperature, heat waves called Loo
- Low humidity
- Dust storms common in Northern Plains
3. Advancing Monsoon (पावसाळा) – June to September
- South-West Monsoon brings heavy rainfall
- Agriculture depends on monsoon
- Uneven distribution of rainfall
4. Retreating Monsoon (परतीचा मान्सून) – October to November
- Decreasing rainfall
- Cyclones on Eastern Coast
- Tamil Nadu receives rainfall during this period
Importance of Monsoon / मान्सूनचे महत्त्व
- Backbone of Indian agriculture
- Determines crop production
- Influences economy and livelihood
2. Natural Vegetation of India / भारतातील नैसर्गिक वनस्पती
Meaning of Natural Vegetation / नैसर्गिक वनस्पती
Natural vegetation refers to plants growing naturally without human interference.
मानवी हस्तक्षेपाशिवाय वाढणाऱ्या वनस्पतींना नैसर्गिक वनस्पती म्हणतात.
India’s vegetation depends on climate, soil, relief, and rainfall.
Types of Natural Vegetation in India / भारतातील नैसर्गिक वनस्पतींचे प्रकार
1. Tropical Evergreen Forests (सदाहरित वने)
- Found in areas with rainfall above 200 cm
- Western Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
- Trees: Ebony, Mahogany, Rubber
- Very dense forests
2. Tropical Deciduous Forests (पानझडी वने)
Most widespread forests in India.
a) Moist Deciduous Forests
- Rainfall: 100–200 cm
- Teak, Sal, Bamboo
b) Dry Deciduous Forests
- Rainfall: 70–100 cm
- Trees shed leaves to conserve moisture
3. Thorn Forests and Scrubs (काटेरी वने)
- Rainfall less than 70 cm
- Rajasthan, Gujarat
- Babool, Cactus, Date Palm
4. Montane Forests (पर्वतीय वने)
- Found in Himalayan region
- Vegetation changes with altitude
- Coniferous trees like Pine, Deodar
5. Mangrove Forests (मॅन्ग्रोव्ह वने)
- Found in coastal areas and river deltas
- Sundarbans (West Bengal)
- Trees: Sundari
- Protect coast from erosion
Importance of Forests / वने का महत्त्वाची आहेत?
- Maintain ecological balance
- Prevent soil erosion
- Provide raw materials
- Support wildlife and biodiversity
3. Wildlife of India / भारतातील वन्यजीवन
Meaning of Wildlife / वन्यजीवनाचा अर्थ
Wildlife includes all undomesticated animals living in natural habitats.
नैसर्गिक अधिवासात राहणाऱ्या पाळीव नसलेल्या प्राण्यांना वन्यजीवन म्हणतात.
India is one of the mega-biodiversity countries in the world.
Major Wildlife Species in India / भारतातील प्रमुख वन्यजीव
- Mammals – Tiger, Lion, Elephant, Rhinoceros
- Birds – Peacock (National Bird), Eagle, Parrot
- Reptiles – Cobra, Crocodile
- Aquatic Animals – Dolphin, Turtles
Royal Bengal Tiger is the national animal of India.
Distribution of Wildlife / वन्यजीवनाचे वितरण
- Forests – Tigers, Elephants
- Grasslands – Deer, Wild buffalo
- Mountains – Snow leopard
- Deserts – Camel, Desert fox
- Wetlands – Migratory birds
Wildlife Conservation in India / भारतातील वन्यजीव संरक्षण
India has taken several steps for conservation:
- National Parks – Jim Corbett, Kaziranga
- Wildlife Sanctuaries – Gir, Periyar
- Biosphere Reserves – Nilgiri, Sundarbans
- Project Tiger (1973)
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
Threats to Wildlife / वन्यजीवनाला धोके
- Deforestation
- Poaching
- Urbanization
- Climate Change
- Pollution
Role of Government and People / शासन व नागरिकांची भूमिका
- Afforestation
- Awareness programs
- Sustainable development
- Strict laws against hunting
4. Relationship Between Climate, Vegetation and Wildlife / हवामान, वनस्पती व वन्यजीवन यांचा संबंध
Climate determines the type of vegetation, and vegetation supports wildlife.
हवामान → वनस्पती → वन्यजीवन असा परस्परसंबंध आहे.
For example:
- Heavy rainfall → Evergreen forests → Rich wildlife
- Low rainfall → Thorn forests → Limited wildlife
Thus, all three are interconnected and interdependent.
Short Notes (CTET Quick Revision – Marathi)
भारताचे हवामान (Climate of India)
- भारताचे हवामान मान्सून प्रकारचे आहे
- मुख्य घटक: अक्षांश, उंची, समुद्रापासून अंतर, भूरूप रचना, मान्सून वारे
- भारतातील ऋतू:
- हिवाळा (Dec–Feb)
- उन्हाळा (Mar–May)
- आगमन मान्सून (Jun–Sep)
- परतीचा मान्सून (Oct–Nov)
नैसर्गिक वनस्पती (Natural Vegetation)
- हवामान व पर्जन्यमानावर अवलंबून
- प्रमुख प्रकार:
- सदाहरित वने
- पानझडी वने (आर्द्र व शुष्क)
- काटेरी वने
- पर्वतीय वने
- मॅन्ग्रोव्ह वने
वन्यजीवन (Wildlife of India)
- भारत जैवविविधतेने समृद्ध देश
- राष्ट्रीय प्राणी – वाघ
- राष्ट्रीय पक्षी – मोर
- संरक्षणासाठी: राष्ट्रीय उद्याने, अभयारण्ये, जैवमंडल राखीव क्षेत्रे
2️⃣ CTET–2026 MCQs (50 Questions)
Climate (1–20)
- India has which type of climate?
A) Mediterranean
B) Desert
C) Monsoon
D) Polar
✅ Ans: C - Tropic of Cancer passes through how many Indian states?
A) 6
B) 7
C) 8
D) 9
✅ Ans: C - Which winds bring rainfall in India?
A) Trade winds
B) South-West Monsoon
C) Westerlies
D) Polar winds
✅ Ans: B - Retreating monsoon season occurs in –
A) June–July
B) August–September
C) October–November
D) December–January
✅ Ans: C - Tamil Nadu gets rainfall mainly from –
A) SW Monsoon
B) NE Monsoon
C) Western Disturbances
D) Cyclones
✅ Ans: B - Loo is related to –
A) Cold winds
B) Dust storms
C) Hot dry winds
D) Rainfall
✅ Ans: C - Which factor blocks cold winds from Central Asia?
A) Western Ghats
B) Deccan Plateau
C) Himalayas
D) Aravalli
✅ Ans: C - Which season is best for Rabi crops?
A) Summer
B) Monsoon
C) Winter
D) Autumn
✅ Ans: C - Which area receives highest rainfall in India?
A) Rajasthan
B) Mawsynram
C) Leh
D) Chennai
✅ Ans: B - Monsoon is important because –
A) Tourism
B) Agriculture
C) Industry
D) Transport
✅ Ans: B
Vegetation (21–35)
- Natural vegetation depends on –
A) Population
B) Climate
C) Culture
D) Transport
✅ Ans: B - Evergreen forests are found in –
A) Rajasthan
B) Western Ghats
C) Punjab
D) Ladakh
✅ Ans: B - Teak trees are found in –
A) Thorn forests
B) Deciduous forests
C) Mangroves
D) Coniferous forests
✅ Ans: B - Thorn forests occur in areas with rainfall –
A) Above 200 cm
B) 100–200 cm
C) Below 70 cm
D) 150 cm
✅ Ans: C - Mangrove forests are found in –
A) Mountains
B) Plateaus
C) River deltas
D) Deserts
✅ Ans: C - Sundarbans mangrove forest is located in –
A) Odisha
B) Andhra Pradesh
C) West Bengal
D) Kerala
✅ Ans: C - Coniferous trees are found in –
A) Coastal areas
B) Plains
C) Mountains
D) Deserts
✅ Ans: C - Forests help in –
A) Soil erosion
B) Climate imbalance
C) Ecological balance
D) Pollution
✅ Ans: C - Most widespread forests in India are –
A) Evergreen
B) Deciduous
C) Thorn
D) Mangrove
✅ Ans: B - Which tree sheds leaves in dry season?
A) Pine
B) Teak
C) Coconut
D) Rubber
✅ Ans: B
Wildlife (36–50)
- National animal of India –
A) Lion
B) Elephant
C) Tiger
D) Leopard
✅ Ans: C - Gir Forest is famous for –
A) Tiger
B) Elephant
C) Lion
D) Rhino
✅ Ans: C - Kaziranga National Park is famous for –
A) Tiger
B) One-horned Rhino
C) Elephant
D) Leopard
✅ Ans: B - Wildlife Protection Act was passed in –
A) 1962
B) 1972
C) 1985
D) 1991
✅ Ans: B - Project Tiger started in –
A) 1969
B) 1971
C) 1973
D) 1975
✅ Ans: C - Snow Leopard is found in –
A) Deserts
B) Plains
C) Himalayas
D) Coastal areas
✅ Ans: C - Peacock is India’s –
A) State bird
B) National bird
C) Migratory bird
D) Rare bird
✅ Ans: B - Which is a threat to wildlife?
A) Afforestation
B) Conservation
C) Poaching
D) Protection
✅ Ans: C - Biosphere reserves are meant to protect –
A) Cities
B) Rivers
C) Biodiversity
D) Industries
✅ Ans: C - Dolphins are found in –
A) Deserts
B) Rivers/Sea
C) Forests
D) Mountains
✅ Ans: B - Jim Corbett National Park is located in –
A) Assam
B) Uttarakhand
C) MP
D) Gujarat
✅ Ans: B - Which animal is herbivore?
A) Tiger
B) Lion
C) Deer
D) Leopard
✅ Ans: C - Wildlife conservation helps in –
A) Economic loss
B) Ecological balance
C) Pollution
D) Climate change
✅ Ans: B - Migratory birds visit India mainly during –
A) Summer
B) Monsoon
C) Winter
D) Autumn
✅ Ans: C - India is rich in wildlife because of –
A) Population
B) Climate diversity
C) Urbanization
D) Industry
✅ Ans: B
निष्कर्ष
भारताचे हवामान, नैसर्गिक वनस्पती व वन्यजीवन हे परस्परावलंबी आहेत. मान्सून हवामानामुळे विविध प्रकारची वनस्पती निर्माण होते आणि त्यावरच वन्यजीवन अवलंबून असते. जंगलतोड, प्रदूषण व हवामान बदल यामुळे पर्यावरणीय समतोल धोक्यात येत आहे. त्यामुळे वनसंवर्धन व वन्यजीव संरक्षण करणे अत्यावश्यक आहे. शाश्वत विकासातूनच पर्यावरणाचे रक्षण होऊ शकते.